Pope Callixtus II
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Pope Valentine
PersonPope Valentine was the bishop of Rome and leader of the Papal States for two months in 827. He was unusually close to his predecessor, Eugene II, rumoured to be Valentine's father or lover, and became pope before being ordained as a…

Pope Adeodatus I
PersonPope Adeodatus I, also called Deodatus I or Deusdedit, was the bishop of Rome from 19 October 615 to his death on 8 November 618. He was the first priest to be elected pope since John II in 533. The first use of lead seals or bullae…

Pope Stephen VIII
PersonPope Stephen VIII was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 14 July 939 to his death. His pontificate occurred during the Saeculum obscurum, when the power of popes was diminished by the ambitious counts of Tusculum,…

Pope Constantine
PersonPope Constantine was the bishop of Rome from 25 March 708 to his death on 9 April 715. One of the last popes of the Byzantine Papacy, the defining moment of his pontificate was his 710/711 visit to Constantinople, where he compromised…

Pope Marinus I
PersonPope Marinus I was the bishop of Rome and leader of the Papal States from 882 until his death on 15 May 884. Controversially at the time, he was already a bishop when he became pope, and had served as papal legate to Constantinople.…

Pope Benedict VI
PersonPope Benedict VI was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 19 January 973 to his death in 974. His brief pontificate occurred in the political context of the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, during the transition…

Pope Pius XII
PersonPope Pius XII was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 2 March 1939 until his death in 1958. His pontificate spanned World War II, the Holocaust, and the first years of the Cold War. He is the most recent…

Pope John XIX
PersonPope John XIX, born Roman of Tusculum, was the Bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1024 to his death. He belonged to the family of the powerful Counts of Tusculum, succeeding his brother, Benedict VIII. Papal relations…

Pope John XIV
PersonPope John XIV, born Peter Canepanova, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from December 983 until his death. Upon the death of Pope Benedict VII in July 983, Emperor Otto II nominated Canepanova to the papal throne…

Pope Vitalian
PersonPope Vitalian was the bishop of Rome from 30 July 657 to his death in 672. His pontificate was marked by the dispute between the papacy and the imperial government in Constantinople over Monothelitism, which Rome condemned. Vitalian…

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