प्रक्रियाएँ

Anal fistula surgery: Opening or draining an abnormal tunnel near the anus. It is done for recurrent pus discharge near the anus.

Appendectomy: Surgery to remove an inflamed appendix, usually by keyhole (laparoscopic) surgery. It is done for appendicitis; a burst appendix is an emergency.

Breast cancer surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy): Removal of a breast lump or the whole breast, often with lymph nodes. It is done for breast cancer.

Burn wound care and skin grafting: Covering deep burn wounds with skin taken from another part of the body. It is done for deep or large burns.

Caesarean section (C-section): Delivery of a baby through a cut in the abdomen and uterus. It is done for when vaginal birth is unsafe for mother or baby, such as obstructed labour, fetal distress or some placenta problems.

Cataract surgery: Replacement of the cloudy natural lens of the eye with a clear artificial lens. It is done for cataract that blurs vision and affects daily life; very common and widely available in Nepal's eye hospitals.

Circumcision: Removal of the foreskin of the penis. It is done for medical reasons such as tight foreskin or repeated infection, or cultural reasons.

Coronary angioplasty and stenting: Opening a narrowed heart artery with a balloon and usually a stent, through a catheter in the wrist or groin. It is done for heart attack (urgent) or chest pain from blocked arteries.

Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG): Open-heart surgery that uses a vein or artery to bypass blocked heart arteries. It is done for severe or multiple blockages, especially with diabetes.

Dialysis: A treatment that filters waste and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys fail. It is done for kidney failure, or some cases of severe acute kidney injury or poisoning.

Dilation and curettage (D&C) and MVA: Removing tissue from the uterus. It is done for incomplete miscarriage, heavy bleeding, sampling the uterine lining; safe abortion services are legal in Nepal under law.

ERCP for bile duct stones: Endoscope procedure to remove stones from or stent the bile duct. It is done for bile duct stones, jaundice from blockage.

Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy): Removal of the gallbladder, usually by keyhole surgery. It is done for painful gallstones or gallbladder inflammation.

Haemorrhoid (piles) treatment and surgery: Treatments range from rubber band ligation to surgical removal. It is done for bleeding or painful piles not helped by diet and medicines.

Hernia repair: Surgery to push a hernia back and strengthen the weak muscle wall, often with mesh. It is done for a painful or growing hernia; a stuck (incarcerated) hernia is an emergency.

Hip replacement: Replacing a damaged hip joint with an artificial joint. It is done for severe hip arthritis or some hip fractures in older people.

Hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus, sometimes with the cervix, tubes or ovaries. It is done for fibroids, heavy bleeding, prolapse, cancer.

In vitro fertilisation (IVF): Eggs are collected and fertilised with sperm in a lab, and an embryo is placed in the uterus. It is done for blocked tubes, low sperm count, endometriosis or unexplained infertility.

Kidney transplant: Placing a healthy kidney from a donor into a person with kidney failure. It is done for kidney failure; done in Nepal at national transplant centres.

Knee replacement: Replacing a damaged knee joint with an artificial joint. It is done for severe knee arthritis limiting walking.

Laser eye surgery (LASIK): Laser reshaping of the cornea to reduce the need for glasses. It is done for short sight, long sight or astigmatism in suitable adults.

Pacemaker implantation: A small device placed under the skin to keep the heart beating regularly. It is done for very slow heartbeat or heart block.

Prostate surgery (TURP): Removal of excess prostate tissue through the urethra. It is done for enlarged prostate causing poor urine flow or retention.

Thyroidectomy: Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. It is done for large goitre, nodules suspicious for cancer, some overactive thyroid.

Tonsillectomy: Removal of the tonsils. It is done for repeated severe tonsillitis, abscess, or tonsils blocking breathing during sleep.

Tubal ligation (female sterilisation, minilap): Blocking or cutting the fallopian tubes for permanent contraception. It is done for women who do not want more children; free in Nepal's family planning programme.

Uterine prolapse surgery: Repair of a uterus or vaginal walls that have dropped (prolapse). It is done for uterine prolapse, common in Nepal after many births and heavy work; free surgery camps are run by the government.

Vasectomy: A small procedure that cuts or seals the tubes carrying sperm, for permanent contraception. It is done for men who do not want more children; available free in Nepal's family planning programme.