← Health · Breathing & lungs
General health information, not a diagnosis. In an emergency, call 102. Always consult a qualified health professional.
COPD is a common, progressive lung disease that restricts airflow. It is not curable but treatment can ease symptoms and slow it down. Symptoms: Long-lasting cough, phlegm, breathlessness that worsens over time, and frequent chest infections. See a doctor for persistent cough or breathlessness, and urgently if a flare-up brings much worse breathing, a change in phlegm, or ankle swelling. generated by SI from cited sources · general information, not a diagnosis · consult a health professional
Sources: World Health Organization · World Health Organization · CDC · CDC, MoHP Nepal (FWD), NHS · CDC, NHS · SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased)
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) is a group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe and get worse over time. Normally, the airways and air sacs in your lungs are elastic or stretchy. When you breathe in, the airways bring air to the air sacs.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
Long-term cough with phlegm, breathlessness on exertion that slowly worsens, wheezing.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
Long-term lung damage from tobacco smoke, indoor smoke from cooking fires, dust and air pollution.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
EMERGENCY, go now: severe breathlessness, blue lips, confusion or drowsiness. See a clinician for a worsening cough or more phlegm.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
Post-bronchodilator spirometry (FEV1/FVC below 0.70).
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
Stopping smoking, inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, vaccines, oxygen when needed, as advised. No dosing information is given here.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
No tobacco, clean cooking fuel and ventilation.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
One of the leading causes of death in Nepal, linked to smoking and firewood smoke, especially among women in rural areas.
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
GOLD 2025
Sources: SI, NLM MedlinePlus, CDC, WHO (paraphrased) · Reference · https://medlineplus.gov/copd.html; https://www.cdc.gov/copd/; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd); https://www.mayoclinic.org/search/search-results?q=COPD; Guideline: GOLD 2025; https://edcd.gov.np
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Text: SI summary in its own words (CC BY 4.0) with NLM MedlinePlus public-domain summary; facts checked against WHO fact sheets (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, paraphrased with attribution) and Mayo Clinic (linked reference only, no text used); ICD-10 and labels from Wikidata (CC0).